LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE

US Previously Marketed

Details

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula	C11H12N2S.ClH
Molecular Weight	240.7538
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters	1 / 1
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

c1ccc(cc1)[C@@]2([H])CN3CCSC3=N2.Cl

InChI

InChIKey=LAZPBGZRMVRFKY-HNCPQSOCSA-N

InChI=1S/C11H12N2S.ClH/c1-2-4-9(5-3-1)10-8-13-6-7-14-11(13)12-10;/h1-5,10H,6-8H2;1H/t10-;/m1./s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Sources:&nbsphttp://home.intekom.com/pharm/janssen/ergamis.html | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22004673 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6995094

Levamisole (the trade name Ergamisol), an anthelminthic drug with immunological properties. It also has antitumor activity when administered with 5-fluorouracil in patients with Duke's C colorectal carcinoma; however, this use was discontinued. The mechanism of the antitumor effect is unknown but has been postulated to be related to levamisole's immunomodulatory properties. Levamisole can stimulate antibody formation to various antigens, enhance T-cell responses by stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation, potentiate monocyte and macrophage functions including phagocytosis, chemotaxis and increases motility, adherence, and chemotaxis. Levamisole inhibits alkaline phosphatase and possesses cholinergic activity. The mechanism of action of levamisole as an antiparasitic agent, for example, to treat ascariasis, relates to its agonistic activity to L-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nematode muscles. In addition, levamisole was studied for preventing relapses of the steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SSINS). It was shown, that alone or in combination with steroids, the drug can prolong the time to relapse and prevented recurrence during one year of treatment. However, these studies also were also discontinued.

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme18 Target ID:&nbspP05186\|\|\|Q5BKZ5 Gene ID:&nbsp249.0 Gene Symbol:&nbspALPL Target Organism:&nbspHomo sapiens (Human) Sources:&nbsphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28209522	Inhibitor7687
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit5 Target ID:&nbspCHEMBL1884 Sources:&nbsphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19668355	Agonist2451

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Highest Phase	Product
Dukes' Stage C colon cancer3 Sources:&nbsphttp://home.intekom.com/pharm/janssen/ergamis.html	Palliative	Approved7968	ERGAMISOL Approved Use Unknown Launch Date 6.4558078E11
Ascariasis4 Sources:&nbsphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6995094	Curative	Not Provided523	Unknown Approved Use Unknown
Steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome3 Sources:&nbsphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29054532	Preventing	Not Provided523	Unknown Approved Use Unknown

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
0.76 mg/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
1.93 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
1.53 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
1.84 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
0.72 mg/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
0.75 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
0.74 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
1.28 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
0.97 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
0.69 mg/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
0.53 mg/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	2.5 mg/kg bw 1 times / 2 days multiple, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
4.15 mg × h/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
13.78 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
18.96 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
19.69 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
3.07 mg × h/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
4.48 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
6.1 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
6.88 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
7.16 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
7.44 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
3.54 mg × h/L OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	2.5 mg/kg bw 1 times / 2 days multiple, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
4.4 h OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
3.65 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
5.75 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
5.58 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
5.56 h OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
2.85 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
3.88 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
2.71 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
3.72 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED
6.04 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7166176/	2.5 mg/kg bw single, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED
3.07 h OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	2.5 mg/kg bw 1 times / 2 days multiple, oral dose: 2.5 mg/kg bw route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
49% OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:		LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
49% OTHER GOV https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/withdrawal-report/withdrawal-assessment-report-elmisol_en.pdf	150 mg unknown, oral dose: 150 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: UNKNOWN co-administered:		LEVAMISOLE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
50 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 50 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 50 mg, 2 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655	unhealthy, 15 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 15 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655	Disc. AE: Epidermal necrolysis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Epidermal necrolysis (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655
100 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411	Disc. AE: Myopathy, Leukocytoclastic vasculitis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Myopathy (1 patient) Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411
250 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 250 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 250 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273	unknown, 52 years n = 1 Health Status: unknown Age Group: 52 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273	Other AEs: Adverse event... Other AEs: Adverse event (grade 5) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273
3.5 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 3.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 3.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11454092	unhealthy, 7-12 years n = 28 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: pediculosis capitis Age Group: 7-12 years Sex: F Population Size: 28 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11454092	Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11454092
150 mg 1 times / week multiple, oral Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / week Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / week Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143	Disc. AE: Agranulocytosis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Agranulocytosis Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143

AEs

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Epidermal necrolysis	1 patient Disc. AE	50 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 50 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 50 mg, 2 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655	unhealthy, 15 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 15 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851655
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis	1 patient Disc. AE	100 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411
Myopathy	1 patient Disc. AE	100 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24552411
Adverse event	grade 5	250 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 250 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 250 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273	unknown, 52 years n = 1 Health Status: unknown Age Group: 52 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33180273
Agranulocytosis	Disc. AE	150 mg 1 times / week multiple, oral Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / week Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / week Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/923464 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/366143

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:6432	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:6432
MolPort	MolPort-001-794-629	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-001-794-629
ZINC	ZINC000000119839	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000000119839
eMolecules	29542986	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=29542986

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha production in fibrosing alveolitis is macrophage subset specific.	2001	11737936
Non-corticosteroid treatment for nephrotic syndrome in children.	2001	11687155
Optimising the benefits of anthelmintic treatment in children.	2001	11513281
[Clinical and immunological characteristics and specific features of the treatment of patients with recurrent sarcoidosis of respiratory organs].	2001	11508232
Oral bioavailability of levamisole in goats.	2001 Dec	11903875
Effects of anthelmintics on the development of eggs of Angiostrongylus costaricensis in vitro.	2001 Dec	11818052
Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of dairy goats under extensive management conditions in southwestern France.	2001 Dec	11818048
Determination of levamisole in animal tissues using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.	2001 Dec	11743750
Prospective randomized study of post-operative chemotherapy with levamisole and UFT for head and neck carcinoma.	2001 Dec	11735172
Regulation of distinct muscle behaviors controls the C. elegans male's copulatory spicules during mating.	2001 Dec 14	11747813
Multiple anthelmintic resistance in sheep.	2001 Dec 22-29	11808671
Partial purification and biochemical characterization of a heteromeric protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme from maize (Zea mays L.) leaves that dephosphorylates C4 phosophoenolpyruvate carboxylase.	2001 Jul	11506360
Cimetidine and levamisole versus cimetidine alone for recalcitrant warts in children.	2001 Jul-Aug	11576414
Adjuvant 5FU plus levamisole in colonic or rectal cancer: improved survival in stage II and III.	2001 Nov 16	11720425
Adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.	2001 Nov 16	11720422
Oxidative modification of rat liver 5'-nucleotidase: the mechanisms for protection and re-activation.	2001 Oct	11935367
Levamisole vs. cyclophosphamide for frequently-relapsing steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.	2001 Oct	11680658
Levamisole and/or Chinese medicinal herbs can modulate the serum level of squamous cell carcinoma associated antigen in patients with erosive oral lichen planus.	2001 Oct	11555157
A pooled analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer in elderly patients.	2001 Oct 11	11596588
An in vivo evaluation of induction of abnormal sperm morphology by some anthelmintic drugs in mice.	2001 Oct 18	11525915
Alkaline phosphatase from rat liver and kidney is differentially modulated.	2001 Sep	11676975
Are Teladorsagia circumcincta (Nematoda) morphs equally able to survive under anthelmintic treatment in sheep on pastures?	2001 Sep	11570550
Response shift in the perception of health for utility evaluation. an explorative investigation.	2001 Sep	11549425
Genetic variability following selection of Haemonchus contortus with anthelmintics.	2001 Sep	11530357
Population genetics and drug resistance in nematode.	2001 Sep	11530342
[Treatment of dystrophy, dysplasia and initial stages of vulvar carcinoma in virus infections].	2002	11944391
Kinetic comparison of tissue non-specific and placental human alkaline phosphatases expressed in baculovirus infected cells: application to screening for Down's syndrome.	2002	11818032
Modulation of insulin transport in rat brain microvessel endothelial cells by an ecto-phosphatase activity.	2002	11787068
Efficacy and toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly patients with colon carcinoma: a 10-year experience of the Geisinger Medical Center.	2002 Apr 1	11932894
Adjuvant therapy in rectal cancer: analysis of stage, sex, and local control--final report of intergroup 0114.	2002 Apr 1	11919230
Thymidylate synthase expression in colorectal cancer: a prognostic and predictive marker of benefit from adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy.	2002 Apr 1	11919227
A phase II study of active specific immunotherapy and 5-FU/Leucovorin as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon carcinoma.	2002 Apr 22	11953877
213Bi-PAI2 conjugate selectively induces apoptosis in PC3 metastatic prostate cancer cell line and shows anti-cancer activity in a xenograft animal model.	2002 Apr 8	11953871
Effect in vitro of cyclic nucleotides-elevating agents on nitric oxide production by human granulocytes from type 2-diabetic patients.	2002 Feb	11938028
Role of a novel soluble nucleotide phospho-hydrolase from sheep plasma in inhibition of platelet reactivity: hemostasis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.	2002 Feb	11919550
A novel role of alkaline phosphatase in protection from immunological liver injury in mice.	2002 Feb	11906613
Modulation by levamisole of CD45RA and CD45RC isoforms expression in the gut of weaned pigs vaccinated against colibacillosis.	2002 Feb	11874530
Characterization and cytochemical localization of an ATP diphosphohydrolase from Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes.	2002 Feb	11862992
S100A4 (p9Ka) protein in colon carcinoma and liver metastases: association with carcinoma cells and T-lymphocytes.	2002 Feb 1	11875708
A boy with cutaneous necrosis occurring during treatment with levamisole.	2002 Jan	11952666
Influence of some substances on bacterial translocation in the rat.	2002 Jan	11898026
The effect of dietary immunomodulation upon Edwardsiella tarda vaccination in healthy and immunocompromised Indian major carp (Labeo rohita).	2002 Jan	11866127
Canine serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes detected by polyacrylamide gel disk electrophoresis.	2002 Jan	11853143
Prevalence of levamisole and benzimidazole resistance in oesophagostomum populations of pig-breeding farms in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.	2002 Jan	11822739
Unique Ca(2+)-activated ATPase in the nervous ganglia of Phyllocaulis soleiformis (Mollusca).	2002 Jan	11742758
Identification of molecular markers for the early detection of human squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.	2002 Jan 21	11870519
Necessity of enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase for mineralization of osteoblastic cells.	2002 Mar	11949880
Inhibitor profiles of alkaline phosphatases in bovine preattachment embryos and adult tissues.	2002 Mar	11850443
The C. elegans ric-3 gene is required for maturation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.	2002 Mar 1	11867529
Superantigen reactive Vbeta6+ T cells induce perforin/granzyme B mediated caspase-independent apoptosis in tumour cells.	2002 Mar 4	11875749

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

The combination of ERGAMISOL (levamisole hydrochloride) and 5-fluorouracil is administered according to the following dosage schedule: Initial Therapy: Week 1 (3rd to 4th week post surgery): 5-fluorouracil 450 mg/m² i.v. push days 1 –5 and ERGAMISOL 50 mg orally t.i.d days 1 –3; Week 3 only ERGAMISOL 50 mg orally t.i.d days 1 –3. Therapy should commence 3 –4 weeks post surgery. 5-Fluorouracil (450 mg/m²) is administered by rapid i.v. injection for the first 5 days of Week 1. ERGAMISOL 50 mg tablet is administered orally three times a day for the first 3 days of Week 1, and again on the first 3 days of Week 3.

Route of Administration: Oral

In Vitro Use Guide

It was examined the immunological effects of levamisole in vitro. Experiments utilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal donors incubated in the presence of increasing concentrations of levamisole (0.1 to 100 micrograms/ml). Levamisole had no consistent effect on induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity or indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity, or production of tumor necrosis factor. Levamisole had no effect on monocyte cytotoxicity or expression of HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP, and the Fc receptor. Similarly, levamisole had no significant effect on NK or LAK cytotoxicity or the immunological activation of T-lymphocytes, assessed by expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD25, and CD56. No significant enhancement in the expression of three tumor-associated antigens (880364, NRCO-4, and ING-1) and the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antigen on four human cancer cell lines was observed following in vitro exposure to levamisole. In conclusion, was revealed, that levamisole was not a potent modulator of the immune parameters.

Name

Type

Language

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE

Official Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [EP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [MART.]

Common Name

English

R-12564

Code

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [USP-RS]

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [MI]

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [ORANGE BOOK]

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLI HYDROCHLORIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN]

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [JAN]

Common Name

English

IMIDAZO(2,1-B)THIAZOLE, 2,3,5,6-TETRAHYDRO-6-PHENYL-, MONOHYDROCHLORIDE, (S)-

Common Name

English

SPARTAKON L

Common Name

English

TETRAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE, (S)-

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [WHO-IP]

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [USP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

(-)-2,3,5,6-TETRAHYDRO-6-PHENYLIMIDAZO(2,1-B)THIAZOLE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE

Systematic Name

English

ERGAMISOL

Brand Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [USAN]

Common Name

English

L-NARPENOL

Common Name

English

LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE [GREEN BOOK]

Common Name

English

R 12654

Code

English

LEVAMISOLE HCL

Common Name

English

R 12,564

Code

English

NSC-177023

Code

English

ASCARIDIL

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

EU-Orphan Drug

EU/3/05/324